Abyssal plains are seafloor regions that lie between 3,000 and 6,000 meters (1.9 and 3.7 miles) depth. They cover nearly half of Earth’s surface and are one of the most underexplored regions of our planet. During this expedition, a remotely operated vehicle was used to visually explore the seafloor at abyssal depths and collected biological, geological, and chemical samples to further characterize the environment. The plan was to explore regions of the seafloor that host polymetallic crusts and nodules, which are metal-rich minerals that form over millions of years.
Polymetallic crusts grow on seamounts and ferromanganese nodules have been found on seamounts but are primarily found on abyssal plain sediments across the globe. One of the Global Seabed Mineral Resources project’s main objectives is to study the oceanographic processes that control global seabed mineral distribution and abundance. Using modern day ocean conditions to predict where and how ferromanganese minerals have been growing over millions of years is challenging, as the ocean has undergone significant changes within that time frame.
Polymetallic nodules contain radioactive elements like thorium and radium in addition to elements designated as “critical minerals” like nickel, copper, cobalt, and manganese. Radioactive elements naturally decay with time at known rates (called half-lives), releasing energy and transforming from “parent” to “daughter” isotopes.
In recent years, radon in deep ocean water has been proposed as a potential “tracer” of manganese nodule occurrence (Guo et al. 2022); the radioactivity of nodules has also been raised as a potential impact of seabed mineral extraction (Volz et al. 2023). Thorium, which is present throughout the oceans, naturally chemically attaches to ferromanganese nodules and decays to radium, which then decays to radon, a dissolved gas found at low concentrations in deep ocean water. Excess radon in deep ocean water (radon daughter isotopes in excess of parent radium isotopes) is hypothesized to come from this decay. The correlation between elevated radon and nodule occurrence was identified on a global scale using extrapolated data and predicted nodule abundance.